Per Capital Government Spending Chat Draws Fire

Economist Mark Thoma, spurred by commentary from Paul Krugman regarding President Obama’s real government spending, created a graph to compare Obama’s annualized growth in real per capita government spending with that of the last six presidencies. The result, which reflects the Obama Administration’s comparatively low spending, created a small storm among partisan and non-partisan economists regarding the breakdown of the numbers and Obama’s perceived austerity in the face of economic crises. For more on this continue reading the following article from Economist’s View. 

Via email:

Seeing the Krugman commentary comparing real government spending under Obama and Reagan made me curious about what it looks like if you express it in per capita terms?  In particular, how does the Obama period compare with other presidencies in terms of penury/austerity versus spendthriftness?

To compare presidencies, I did the calculation two ways.  One starts in the quarter before the president was elected (e.g., 2008Q4), the other starts in the first quarter of the presidency (e.g., 2009Q1).  (The ARRA probably had some effect in Q1, but most of the change was simply economic conditions that the incoming president had nothing to do with, so I think I prefer the Q1 to Q1 method). Ranking since Johnson (starting in 1968), and using the first-quarter comparisons, and calculating growth under Obama through 2011Q4, Clinton is the most austere, followed by Obama.  The most spendthrift are (1) Nixon-Ford, (2) Reagan, and (3) Bush II.   The figure is pasted below:

This blog post was republished with permission from Economist's View.

CBO Budget Outlook Review

The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) has released its budget forecast for the next ten years and the prognostication is not tethered to reality, according to one critic. Tim Iacono notes that CBO analysts believe the big picture translates into fewer policy decisions in the future to the high level of federal debt, but he argues the real trouble is that an increase in GDP and lower unemployment will have to rely on the inflation of an asset bubble that will make the last 15 years look small by comparison. For more on this continue reading the following article from Iacono Research. 

The first page of The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2013 to 2023 from the Congressional Budget Office contains the following summary charts that tell you quite a bit about how this group sees our future.

What’s interesting about the first chart is that it’s being interpreted in two very distinct ways. Some say, “See there! The debt is stabilizing. There’s no need to do anything more.” while others (including the CBO) conclude, “This high level of debt will restrict policy choices during any future crisis”.

A small minority (including myself) think that the lower two graphics are the more important parts of this report since, for all the wrangling over taxes, spending, and debt that go into the numerator of the debt-to-GDP equation, the denominator gets far too little attention.

There is clearly no recognition that the U.S. has come to the end of a multi-decade credit boom that has goosed both economic growth and employment. Moreover, about the only way we’ll return to “trend growth” and a 5 percent jobless rate by 2017 is to inflate an even bigger (and, ultimately, more destructive) asset bubble than what we’ve seen over the last 15 years and this is clearly not factored into any of this forecast.

This article was republished with permission from Tim Iacono. 

Government Spending, GDP Drops

A 22% decline in government defense spending is being blamed for a 0.1% drop in the country’s GDP in the fourth quarter of 2012, while consumer spending grew at a 2.2% annual rate in the same period. Investment was also up in the fourth quarter, particularly in the housing sector, and overall performance is trending toward an overall GDP gain of as much as 3% over the coming year. Inflation, which was once thought to be a significant threat, actually moved lower and experts note that statistics point to there being no real impact from “fiscal cliff” concerns during the quarter. For more on this continue reading the following article from Economist’s View.

Dean Baker on todays' news the GDP shrank in the 4th quarer of last year:

Falling Government Spending and Inventories Push Growth Negative in Quarter, by Dean Baker: A sharp drop in government spending, heavily concentrated in defense, coupled with a decline in inventories caused GDP to shrink at a 0.1 percent rate in the 4th quarter. Government spending fell at a 6.6 percent annual rate, driven by a 22.2 percent decline in defense spending, subtracting 1.33 percentage points from the growth rate in the quarter. A 40.3 drop in the rate of inventory accumulation reduced growth by another 1.27 percentage points. Without these factors, GDP would have grown at a 2.5 percent annual rate in the quarter.

Pulling out these extraordinary factors, the GDP data were largely in line with prior quarters. Consumption grew at a 2.2 percent annual rate, driven mostly by 13.9 percent growth in durable goods purchases, primarily cars. This number was inflated due to the effects of Sandy, which destroyed many cars, forcing people to buy new ones. Growth in this category will be substantially weaker and possibly negative in the next quarter. On the other side, housing and utilities subtracted 0.47 percentage points from growth in the quarter. This is likely a global warming effect with warmer than normal weather leading to less use of heating in the quarter. (There was a comparable falloff in the 4th quarter of 2011 when we also had unusually warm weather.)

One especially noteworthy item is the continuing slow pace in the growth of spending on health care services, which accounts for almost three quarters of all health care spending. Nominal spending grew at a just a 2.3 percent annual rate in the quarter. Over the last year, nominal spending is up by just 1.8 percent, far less than the rate of growth of GDP, and well below the projections from the Congressional Budget Office (CBO). It seems increasingly likely that we are on a slower health care cost trajectory. The deficit picture will look very different when CBO incorporates this slower growth trend into its projections.

Investment rebounded from a weak third quarter in which non-residential investment actually shrank. This quarter it added 0.83 percentage points to growth, with investment in equipment and software growing at a 12.4 percent rate. Housing continued to be a big positive in the quarter, adding 0.36 percentage points to growth.

Net exports were a modest drag on growth. While both exports and imports fell in the quarter, the 5.7 percent drop in exports more than offset the positive impact of a 3.2 percent decline in imports. The state and local sector government sector shrank at a 0.7 percent annual rate, knocking 0.08 percentage points off growth. Non-defense federal spending rose at a 1.4 percent annual rate.

The inflation hawks will be disappointed in this report with the overall price index rising at just a 0.6 percent annual rate. The core CPE rose at a 0.9 percent rate. Insofar as there is any trend in these data it is toward lower inflation.

One interesting item in the report was a $122.90 jump (85.2 percent at an annual rate) in dividend payouts. This was the result of companies deciding to pay out dividends to shareholders in 2012 when a lower tax rate was in effect on high-income taxpayers.

There is little evidence in this report to believe that the economy will diverge sharply from a 2.5- 3.0 percent growth path, except for the impact of the deficit reductions that Congress is considering or already put in place. Higher tax collections from the ending of the payroll tax holiday are likely to knock around 0.5 percentage points from growth. The sequester, or whatever cuts are put in place in lieu of the sequester, are likely to have an even larger impact on growth beginning in the second quarter.

One item worth noting is the GDP report provides zero evidence that "fiscal cliff" concerns had any impact on growth in the quarter. Consumer durable purchases and investment in equipment and software were the two strongest components of GDP. If worries over the fiscal cliff were supposed to cause people to put off purchases, consumers and businesses apparently did not get the memo.

Nevertheless, with the slow recovery of output and employment all is not well no matter how we spin the numbers. We need more spending on infrastructure to help with the recovery.

This article was republished with permission from The Economist's View.

US Fiscal Policy Fine, Experts Say

Partisan economics is nothing new and every administration faces complaints from opponents that it’s either spending too much or too little, depending on the desired media outcome. In 2013, many economists agree that the U.S. fiscal policy is finally shaping up and that it’s a lack of employment and rising health care costs that are the real issue. Deficit hawks complain that liberals in big government are spending too much, but a comparison in real dollars shows the Bush years increasing the most of the last three administrations. Some even argue that President Obama is cutting too much and that a recovery requires more investment. For more on this continue reading the following article from Economist’s View. 

Peter Orszag:

Healthcare is America’s real problem, by Peter Orszag, Commentary, FT: Healthcare costs are the core long-term fiscal challenge facing the US... This is why the recent deceleration of these costs is so encouraging...

The good news is that recent developments in health costs are better than many appreciate. Cost growth has slowed dramatically...

Last year, the Congressional Budget Office estimated that the gap between revenue and expenditure in the next 75 years would amount to 8.7 per cent of GDP. Since then, enacted revenue increases and an improved underlying budget outlook have reduced the gap to perhaps 7.5 per cent.

Achieving the lower health-cost growth would knock another 2.5 per cent of GDP off, bringing the long-term fiscal hole down to 5 per cent of GDP – a greater impact than any policy change currently being debated in Washington. ...

Martin Wolf:

America’s fiscal policy is not in crisis: ...The federal government is not on the verge of bankruptcy. If anything, the tightening has been too much and too fast. The fiscal position is also not the most urgent economic challenge. It is far more important to promote recovery. The challenges in the longer term are to raise revenue while curbing the cost of health. Meanwhile, people, just calm down.

By the way, where were the deficit hawks during the Bush years? Here's what Martin Wolf means by "If anything, the tightening has been too much and too fast":

[via Kevin Drum]

The deficit hawks don't want you to know this, but our biggest problem right now is not the deficit, it's jobs.
This blog post was republished with permission from Economist's View.

European Commission Addresses Economy

The European Commission’s 2012 report on employment and social development has impressed economists as an accurate summary of what has gone wrong with the Eurozone economy in the last year and what will become of it this year, although it’s still questionable whether the insights gleaned from the report will be used to help make the situation better. Economist Jonathon Portes’ interpretation of the report is that a lack of aggregate demand as the result of macroeconomic policy mismanagement as the source of current woes, and that the poorest countries are getting worse, even if other areas are recovering. For more on this continue reading the following article from Economist’s View. 

Jonathan Portes (he also provides discussion of each of these points):

European labor markets: six key lessons from the Commission report, by Jonathan Portes: I haven't always been complimentary about the European Commission - either its economic analysis or its policy advice. So it's nice to be able to be wholeheartedly positive about the excellent report "Employment and Social Developments in Europe 2012"...

The report is really worth reading. But it's close to 500 pages, and the main messages deserve as wide an audience as possible, so I thought I'd try to highlight them with some commentary. To my mind, the key ones are the following:

1. Economic weakness in Europe, and the consequent rise in unemployment, are mostly to do with a lack of aggregate demand, which in turn is the result of mistaken macroeconomic policies - especially aggressive fiscal consolidation...

2. Although financial markets may have stabilized - who knows for how long - things are getting worse, not better, in the real economy of the crisis countries...

3. Countries with more generous welfare states, but also more flexible labor markets, have fared best...

4. Following on from this, structural reforms in labor markets are required in many countries - but they need to be based on evidence! Segmented labor markets are a problem and raise youth unemployment...

..and even in recession, minimum wages at a sensible level do more good than harm. ...

5. Where they were allowed to operate, the "automatic stabilizers" worked...(in both macroeconomic and social terms)...

...while where they were overridden, in the pursuit of "self-defeating austerity", things have got worse...

6. Latvia, Ireland (and even Estonia) may look like "success stories" to some in the Commission, and perhaps to the financial markets (at present) but the reality in terms of jobs and incomes is rather different. ...

Too bad fiscal policymakers didn't do their homework and learn these lessons about austerity, social insurance, automatic stabilizers, and so on before putting harmful or ineffective policy in place (or failing to implement policy when action is called for, e.g. to reduce unemployment). Wish I thought they were doing their homework now.
 

This blog post was republished with permission from Economist's View.

Fiscal Cliff Deal Inadequate

The simple fact is that the deal that was reached to avoid the so-called “fiscal cliff” is nothing more than a postponement of the real negotiation, which will have to bear results if the country is to avoid across-the-board spending cuts in the form of sequestration. The March deadline looms larger than that of the cliff and Republicans and Democrats have already drawn lines in the sand. The GOP will refuse to vote for an increase in the debt ceiling unless Democrats agree to cuts to entitlement programs, and the entire drama will be played out again, although this time experts feel there is less chance of positive resolution. For more on this continue reading the following article from Iacono Research. 

My takeaways from the recent fiscal cliff deal.


First, thank God people will now stop talking about “going over the fiscal cliff”.  Fed Chief Ben Bernanke has done many terrible things at the central bank, but coining the phrase “fiscal cliff” was clearly one of the worst.

Second, anyone thinking that this is somehow the end of the story when it comes to the U.S. budget difficulties should be immediately absolved of that notion since, before you know it, there will be another catchy phrase to describe what is about to happen over the next two months.

Based on what I’ve been reading, it will be termed an “abyss” of some sort – the debt ceiling abyss, the sequestration abyss, the government funding abyss, or, my personal favorite appearing in the title above, sans the “abyss” moniker. This Bloomberg report summarizes what lies ahead:

If anything, the U.S. faces an even more ominous deadline in a few months. The debt ceiling was hit as of New Year’s Eve. The U.S. Treasury will dip into its tool bag to keep the country’s borrowing ability going, but that will last only about two months. Also in early March, the sequestration — $110 billion in across-the-board spending cuts, half in defense and half in domestic programs – springs back, unless Congress finds a way to offset it with other spending cuts. Weeks later, the law that keeps the government funded expires. It all means that, in late February and early March, Congress will face a sequestration, a government default and a government shutdown. Republicans say they’ll use the leverage created by the debt ceiling to force Obama to accept spending cuts, particularly in entitlement programs. Obama resisted that notion on Dec. 31, saying he wants more tax increases and won’t accept Republican plans to “shove” spending cuts past him. “If they think that’s going to be the formula for how we solve this thing, then they’ve got another thing coming,” he said.

Per this story at The Hill, the duo of Simpson and Bowles probably best characterized the result as follows:

“We have all known for over a year that this fiscal cliff was coming. In fact Washington politicians set it up to force themselves to seriously deal with our Nation’s long term fiscal problems,” Simpson and Bowles added. “Yet even after taking the Country to the brink of economic disaster, Washington still could not forge a common sense bipartisan consensus on a plan that stabilizes the debt.”

What does this mean for financial markets in general and precious metals in particular? These thoughts from the Bank of Nova Scotia appearing in this Globe & Mail report today provide a good summary:

The U.S. budget agreement is likely to prove [U.S. dollar] negative in the medium term as it averts the fiscal cliff today but fails to provide a credible medium-term fiscal plan and instead forces major issues, like the debt ceiling and $110-billion in spending cuts, out to March 1, and highlights how challenged the U.S. political system has become. In addition, it potentially lays the foundation for a rating agency downgrade.

Anyone who grew tired and angry about the fiscal cliff debate over the last couple months should enjoy the current reprieve while they can because it will be just days (maybe only hours) before we start hearing about the much more difficult (and dangerous) debate that lies ahead.

This post was republished with permission from Tim Iacono.

Policymakers’ Risk Fiscal Cliff

The debt ceiling, which refers to how much the U.S. federal government may go into debt, has become a bargaining chip in the final round of debate over how to avoid the fiscal cliff. Republicans have promised not to agree to raise it until President Obama offers deeper spending cuts. In a recent message to Congress, the president told Republicans that there would be no negotiating for raising it later if they allow negotiations about the fiscal cliff to fail now, and many economists feel taking the debt ceiling off the table is a smart move for the White House, if only to ensure that if a recession is to result that it comes now instead of at the end of Obama’s second term. For more on this continue reading the following article from Economist’s View. 

One more from Tim Duy:

The Debt-Ceiling Gamble, by Tim Duy: Ezra Klein reports that the White House is drawing a line in the sand on the debt-ceiling, and they really, really mean it:

The Obama administration is utterly steadfast on this point: They will not suffer a repeat of 2011, when they conducted negotiations over whether the United States should default. If Republicans go over the cliff and try to open up talks for raising the debt ceiling, the White House will not hold a meeting, they will not return a phone call, they will not look at the e-mails.

The Administration is looking to take the debt ceiling off the table forever. This is good policy; that Congress should be able to pass laws authorizing spending but not authorizing the required debt is beyond ridiculous. Also ridiculous - and irresponsible - is the willingness of the Republicans to use the debt ceiling to hold the economy hostage. Ending this travesty should be a priority for the White House.
Klein adds that the White House is ready for the fight now while their strength is up:

Boehner and the Republicans don’t want to give up the leverage of the debt ceiling forever, or for 10 years, or even, as John Engler, head of the Business Roundtable and a former Republican governor suggested, for five years. But the White House isn’t very interested in compromising on this issue, as they figure that if there needs to be a final showdown over the debt ceiling, it’s better to do it now, when they’re at peak strength, then delay it till 2014 or 2015, when their own vantage might have ebbed.

I would add another advantage. Better - from a political point of view - to have a recession at the beginning of President Obama's second term that can be blamed entirely on the Republicans. A recession in the first half of 2013 means that, most likely, the Democratic presidential nominee can run on the back of an improving economy by 2016. Alternatively, they run the risk that this recovery, anemic as it is, gets long in the tooth by 2016. Even worse would be that they agree to let the Republicans once again hold the economy hostage two years from now. Politically, if I had to pick between a recession now or closer to the next election, I would pick now.

 This blog post was republished with permission from Economist's View.

Fed Talks Thresholds, Operation Twist

Economists are predicting what the Federal Reserve will tackle at is next Open Market Committee (FOMC) meeting and the two first guesses include policy guideline discussions and a look at Operation Twist. On the first topic, many Fed execs want to make clear that unemployment cannot be the only beacon for determining threshold levels. Regarding Operation Twist, or how the Fed will hand large-scale asset purchases, many economists feel that the move to an outright asset purchase program signifies an easing of current policy, although a final determination must involve the outcome of the fiscal cliff. For more on this continue reading the following article from Economist’s View. 

Tim Duy:

Monetary Policy to Become Easier Next Week?, by Tim Duy: There are two important issues to be discussed at next week's FOMC meeting. One is the issue of specific thresholds as future policy guides. The second is the replacement for Operation Twist. Clearly, support is building for specific thresholds, and I believe policymakers will work out the details within the next meeting or two. Also, I think the general sense is that the Fed will continue to purchase long-term Treasuries after Operation Twist is complete. But will they continue to purchase the full $45 billion a month? That seems like it should be an open question, but it looks like momentum is building in that direction.
St. Louis Federal Reserve President James Bullard offered his thoughts on both these topics yesterday. On the first point, he offers support for replacing the forward guidance with a set of thresholds. I don't find this to be surprising. Bullard has never been a huge fan of the time commitment implied in the current statement. Not only does it send a pessimistic signal about the economy, in theory it should respond more flexibly to evolving economic events. But in practice, the Fed is only willing to alter the date in the event of a substantial shift in the economic outlook.
Bullard cites the 6.5/2.5 unemployment/inflation thresholds recently described by Chicago Federal Reserve President Charles Evans. I am not sure that Bullard specifically endorses these figures, but he may sense the political wind is blowing in that direction. He nicely describes six challenges to a threshold regime:

1. The Fed needs to make clear that in the long-run the Fed cannot target unemployment.
2. He believes the threshold should be on actual outcomes, not forecasts.
3. The Fed needs to communicate that policy is about more than just two variables. For example, he suggests the possibility of raising interest rates to limit asset price bubbles.
4. Unemployment is not the only measure of the labor market. The Fed takes a broader view of labor markets into consideration.
5. Unemployment can remain high, such as in Europe (I think this is really just a restatement of point one).
6. Beware that thresholds will be viewed as triggers, which they are not.

I think these are valid concerns the Fed needs to address as the communication strategy evolves. Bullard then shifts gears to Operation Twist. Currently, large scale asset purchases come in two flavors. One is $40 billion a month in outright mortgage purchases (QE3), the other a monthly swap of $45 billion in short-term Treasuries for an equal amount of long-term Treasuries (Operation Twist). The former is open-ended, the latter concludes this month. Should it be fully converted to an outright asset purchase program? San Francisco Federal Reserve President John Williams gave his opinion last month:

Meeting with reporters following a speech at the University of San Francisco, MNI asked Williams whether he thinks the FOMC should replace the Operation Twist Treasury purchases dollar for dollar upon their expiration Dec. 31. He answered strongly in the affirmative.
"My view is based on the expectation that we won't see substantial improvement in the labor market" for awhile, Williams said, adding that therefore "my view is that we should continue with purchases of long-term Treasuries after December into next year."
Williams said he favors "just purely buying long-term Treasuries at the rate we're buying."
Asked to clarify, Williams said he favors buying MBS and Treasuries "at the same rate we're doing now" -- $85 billion per month.

Boston Federal Reserve President Eric Rosengren agreed yesterday. Operation Twist changes the composition of the balance sheet, not its size. If the Fed converts to an outright asset purchase program, they will more than double the pace of net purchases. In my opinion, this appears to be a substantial easing of policy. Bullard feels similarly:

...on balance I think it is reasonable to think that an outright purchase program has more impact on inflation and inflation expectations than a twist program....
...Replacing the expiring twist program one-for-one with outright purchases of longer-dated Treasuries is likely more dovish than current policy.

I think that is correct; the conversion of Operation Twist should be considered a more aggressive policy. Yet inflation expectations (with the usual caveats about TIPS based expectations) continue to wane:

Perhaps financial market participants do not expect the Fed to commit to the full $85 billion in purchases. But this does not seem to be the case. There has been more than enough Fedspeak to suggest that additional easing is coming. Which leads me again to wonder if monetary policy is now at full throttle? $40, $50, or $85 billion a month. Does it make a difference? Or is the expectation of additional easing simply offsetting expectations of tighter fiscal policy?

Bottom Line: The Fed is gearing up to convert Operation Twist to an outright purchase program. A complete conversion should be considered a more aggressive policy stance. If the Fed wants to hold policy constant, then we would expect a less than one-for-one conversion. There are reasons to expect the Fed would go the full monty. Notably, the fiscal cliff drama already appears to be affecting the economy, even though it is more risk than reality. But why are inflation expectations sliding? And what does that imply about the effectiveness of additional easing at this juncture? Important but as of yet unanswered questions.

 This post was republished with permission from The Economist's View.

Early Holiday Spending Stats Lower

Perhaps bolstered by signs of an economic recovery, analysts who had been expecting strong pre-holiday consumer sales figures were disappointed to see a sharp decline in spending this year. Gallup reports that Black Friday numbers were considered fair, but that subsequent spending has not been as strong as the last three years based on American self-reported spending. Experts say the decreased sales could be linked to Cyber Monday deals and trepidation about the looming fiscal cliff and what it may means for the housing market as well as the broader economy. For more on this continue reading the following article from Iacono Research. 

The folks at Gallup threw a cat amongst the pigeons today with the release of this survey on how many American consumers opened their wallets last week and how big their December credit card bills might be. (Does anyone pay cash anymore?) Though spending was higher this year during the week before Thanksgiving, self-reported spending during the holiday week fell from averages of $79 per day in 2010 and $83 per day last year to just $67 per day last week, not even besting the level of $69 in 2009.



Such issues as Thanksgiving coming relatively early this year and growing “Cyber-Monday” sales could be behind the sharp decline and, of course, there’s lots of time between now and Christmas for Americans to spend more, though, with the “fiscal cliff” looming and financial markets shaky, that is by no means assured.

This blog post was republished with permission from Iacono Research.

Sandy Stalls Sales

The Commerce Department reported the first drop in consumer sales since June 2012 and analysts are blaming ‘Superstorm’ Sandy on the slip. The storm arrived at typically busy consumer period and auto sales in particular felt the brunt of the blow. Even so, insurance companies note that nearly 250,000 vehicles have been claimed as total losses, which automakers hope will boost sales in the near future. Meanwhile, REtail sales remained flat while gas station sales enjoyed a marginal 1.4% despite falling prices. For more on this continue reading the following article from Iacono Research. 

The Commerce Department reported(.pdf) that U.S. retail sales fell last month for the first time since June, down 0.3 percent in October following an upwardly revised gain of 1.3 percent in September, as Superstorm Sandy was cited as having both a positive and negative impact on the data.



Though the effects of the storm could not be isolated, it is believed that its arrival during the busy month-end period depressed East Coast auto sales leading to a decline of 1.5 percent in October auto sales nationally, this following a jump of 1.7 percent the month prior. Automakers said they expected lost sales to quickly be made up as nearly a quarter million vehicles were totaled during the storm.

Excluding autos, retail sales were flat last month after a gain of 1.2 percent in September as 8 of the 13 categories declined, paced by a surprising drop of 1.9 percent at home improvement stores. In the wake of the iPhone 5 launch the month before, electronic store sales fell 1.0 percent and nonstore retailers saw a drop of 1.8 percent. Gasoline station sales rose 1.4 percent even though pump prices fell throughout the month and food & beverage sales rose 0.8 percent, leading the advancing categories.

This blog post was republished with permission from Tim Iacono.